The Psychiatrist (2000) 24: 331-332. doi: 10.1192/pb.24.9.331
© 2000 The Royal College of Psychiatrists
© 2000 The Royal College of Psychiatrists
Candida Graham, Locum Consultant Psychiatrist and
Abigail Franses, Research Associate
AIMS AND METHOD
Computerised delivery of cognitive-behavioural therapy for psychiatric disorders is developing rapidly. Self-treatment computer systems vary greatly in the degree to which they take on the therapeutic role, decreasing the need for clinician input (Oakley-Browne & Toole, 1994). At one end of the spectrum are basic aids to therapy, to be used by the clinician and patient to aid exposure in phobic anxiety, for example, computer videoclips of spiders, virtual reality depictions of heights, etc. (Hassan, 1992). A few systems are closer to becoming complete self-help systems carrying out most of the therapeutic tasks involved in treatment, decreasing the need for clinician input by 80-95%. Such computer systems help service users to detail their problems, draw up a day-to-day treatment plan specific to their needs, rate their progress, practise coping with setbacks, do relapse prevention and recruit relatives as co-therapists if needed. Such systems (e.g. BTSTEPS, COPE, FEAR-FIGHTER, Beating the Blues, Feelbetter) need only initial screening of the service user by a clinician and an introduction on how to use the system. A number of computer treatment systems are in clinical service at the Maudsley Hospital, London, for example, BTSTEPS (Marks et al, 1998) for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and FEARFIGHTER (Shaw et al, 1999) for the treatment of phobic anxiety disorders. Others, such as Beating the Blues (Proudfoot, 1999), COPE (Osgood-Hynes et al, 1998) and Feelbetter (Clarke, 1999) for the treatment of depression, are undergoing randomised controlled trials. At present there are three main modes of delivery of computer-aided care: internet access (Feelbetter), telephone-accessed interactive voice response systems (COPE and BTSTEPS) and free-standing computers (FEARFIGHTER and Beating the Blues). Users feel that computer responses are empathic and understanding (Weizenbaum, 1976; Ghosh et al, 1988) and that non-human instructions can be as therapeutic as human ones (Ghosh et al, 1988; Selmi et al, 1990; Schneider et al, 1995). To date, however, no survey has been undertaken to look at potential service users' preferred method of delivery of computer-aided therapy.
A small article was placed on the BBC teletext community pages to advertise the Maudsley Hospital's computer-aided self-help services for obsessive-compulsive disorder and agoraphobia. Information on the service and a survey questionnaire were sent out to 326 enquirers who disclosed their address. The questionnaire assessed how potential service users would want to access self-help psychotherapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobic anxiety disorders. A simple tick box questionnaire was devised asking service users:
One hundred and thirteen (35%) completed questionnaires were returned. Twenty-seven per cent of respondents did not want to go via their GPs to receive treatment for their anxiety disorder, and the majority of these respondents (63%) gave the reason that this process was ‘bothersome’. Thirty-four per cent wanted to access therapy via the internet, 56% via a telephone IVR system, 43% via CD-ROM on their home computer, 23% via a computer at their GP's surgery, 22% via a computer at their local community mental health resource centre, 16% via a computer in a leisure centre, café or pharmacy and 62% via a book (see Table 1). Other methods of service delivery requested were: telephone support from a human therapist (2%); audiotape or CD (3%); video (2%); group therapy (1%); face-to-face therapy (3%) and interactive television (1%). Only 9% of respondents did not want to access self-help therapy via a computer system. For therapy accessed via a computer, participants were willing to pay a mean of £10 per computer session (range 0-100).
The response rate of the study (35%) while low, is average for postal surveys (Parten, 1950; Kerlinger, 1973), but does mean conclusions need to be drawn cautiously. The fact that in the initial teletext article computerised self-help services were outlined means that the study's findings may be skewed towards computer-literate respondents. However, while the majority of respondents (62%) wanted access to self-help therapy by the traditional method of a book, these same respondents wanted access via some form of computer system (91%). The authors believe this to be the first survey to ask potential users about their preferences for the delivery of self-help psychotherapies. The survey's findings have important implications for the future delivery of psychotherapy services. At present the demand for psychological therapies exceeds availability and computerised therapy has the potential to meet this need, saving on therapist time by 80-95%. The survey's findings indicate that a significant proportion of potential users do not wish to go via their GP to access such therapy (27%) and the great majority want to access self-help therapy via a computer system (91%), more specifically a system which can be accessed from home (82%) (the internet, telephone IVR system and CD-ROM on their home computer). These findings must be kept in mind in the future development of computerised psychotherapies.
© 2000 The Royal College of Psychiatrists
© 2000 The Royal College of Psychiatrists
Psychotherapy by computer
A postal survey of responders to a teletext article
Maudsley Hospital, London SE5 8AZ
Institute of Psychiatry, London
Abstract
 TOP Abstract IntroductionThe studyFindingsDiscussionReferences |
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AIMS AND METHOD
Computerised self-help psychotherapies are fast becoming part of psychiatric practice. The aim of the study was to assess potential user preferences for the delivery of self-help psychotherapy for obsessive—compulsive disorder (OCD) and phobic anxiety disorders. A postal survey was undertaken of enquirers responding to a teletext article on self-help psychotherapies for OCD and agoraphobia. Subjects were asked their preferences for the delivery of self-help services for anxiety disorders, their acceptance or refusal of general practitioner (GP) referrals for such therapy, and how much they would be willing to pay for such a service.
RESULTS
Of 326 questionnaires sent out 113 completed questionnaires were returned (35%). Twenty-seven per cent of respondents did not wish to access such services via their GP, 91% wanted access via a computer system and respondents were willing to pay an average of £10 per computer session (range 0-100).
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
Computerised self-help psychotherapies for OCD, phobic anxiety disorders and depression are becoming part of everyday clinical practice. This may be the first survey directly asking potential users about their preferred access to self-help psychotherapies for anxiety disorders. A significant proportion of responders did not wish to go via their GP to receive therapy and the vast majority welcomed therapy delivered by some form of computer system.
Introduction
|
TOPAbstractIntroductionThe studyFindingsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Computerised delivery of cognitive-behavioural therapy for psychiatric disorders is developing rapidly. Self-treatment computer systems vary greatly in the degree to which they take on the therapeutic role, decreasing the need for clinician input (Oakley-Browne & Toole, 1994). At one end of the spectrum are basic aids to therapy, to be used by the clinician and patient to aid exposure in phobic anxiety, for example, computer videoclips of spiders, virtual reality depictions of heights, etc. (Hassan, 1992). A few systems are closer to becoming complete self-help systems carrying out most of the therapeutic tasks involved in treatment, decreasing the need for clinician input by 80-95%. Such computer systems help service users to detail their problems, draw up a day-to-day treatment plan specific to their needs, rate their progress, practise coping with setbacks, do relapse prevention and recruit relatives as co-therapists if needed. Such systems (e.g. BTSTEPS, COPE, FEAR-FIGHTER, Beating the Blues, Feelbetter) need only initial screening of the service user by a clinician and an introduction on how to use the system. A number of computer treatment systems are in clinical service at the Maudsley Hospital, London, for example, BTSTEPS (Marks et al, 1998) for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and FEARFIGHTER (Shaw et al, 1999) for the treatment of phobic anxiety disorders. Others, such as Beating the Blues (Proudfoot, 1999), COPE (Osgood-Hynes et al, 1998) and Feelbetter (Clarke, 1999) for the treatment of depression, are undergoing randomised controlled trials. At present there are three main modes of delivery of computer-aided care: internet access (Feelbetter), telephone-accessed interactive voice response systems (COPE and BTSTEPS) and free-standing computers (FEARFIGHTER and Beating the Blues). Users feel that computer responses are empathic and understanding (Weizenbaum, 1976; Ghosh et al, 1988) and that non-human instructions can be as therapeutic as human ones (Ghosh et al, 1988; Selmi et al, 1990; Schneider et al, 1995). To date, however, no survey has been undertaken to look at potential service users' preferred method of delivery of computer-aided therapy.
The study
|
TOPAbstractIntroductionThe studyFindingsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
A small article was placed on the BBC teletext community pages to advertise the Maudsley Hospital's computer-aided self-help services for obsessive-compulsive disorder and agoraphobia. Information on the service and a survey questionnaire were sent out to 326 enquirers who disclosed their address. The questionnaire assessed how potential service users would want to access self-help psychotherapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobic anxiety disorders. A simple tick box questionnaire was devised asking service users:
- whether they would access self-help therapy if they had to have a general
practitioner (GP) referral;
- whether they wanted access to therapy via the internet, a telephone
interactive voice recognition (IVR) system, CD-ROM on their home computer, a
computer in their GP's surgery, a computer in a community mental health
resource centre, a computer in a leisure
centre/café/pharmacy, a book or another mode
of access;
- how much they would be willing to pay for each computer therapy
session.
Findings
|
TOPAbstractIntroductionThe studyFindingsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
One hundred and thirteen (35%) completed questionnaires were returned. Twenty-seven per cent of respondents did not want to go via their GPs to receive treatment for their anxiety disorder, and the majority of these respondents (63%) gave the reason that this process was ‘bothersome’. Thirty-four per cent wanted to access therapy via the internet, 56% via a telephone IVR system, 43% via CD-ROM on their home computer, 23% via a computer at their GP's surgery, 22% via a computer at their local community mental health resource centre, 16% via a computer in a leisure centre, café or pharmacy and 62% via a book (see Table 1). Other methods of service delivery requested were: telephone support from a human therapist (2%); audiotape or CD (3%); video (2%); group therapy (1%); face-to-face therapy (3%) and interactive television (1%). Only 9% of respondents did not want to access self-help therapy via a computer system. For therapy accessed via a computer, participants were willing to pay a mean of £10 per computer session (range 0-100).
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View this table: [in a new window] | Table 1. Preferred method of delivery of self-help psychotherapy |
Discussion
|
TOPAbstractIntroductionThe studyFindingsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
The response rate of the study (35%) while low, is average for postal surveys (Parten, 1950; Kerlinger, 1973), but does mean conclusions need to be drawn cautiously. The fact that in the initial teletext article computerised self-help services were outlined means that the study's findings may be skewed towards computer-literate respondents. However, while the majority of respondents (62%) wanted access to self-help therapy by the traditional method of a book, these same respondents wanted access via some form of computer system (91%). The authors believe this to be the first survey to ask potential users about their preferences for the delivery of self-help psychotherapies. The survey's findings have important implications for the future delivery of psychotherapy services. At present the demand for psychological therapies exceeds availability and computerised therapy has the potential to meet this need, saving on therapist time by 80-95%. The survey's findings indicate that a significant proportion of potential users do not wish to go via their GP to access such therapy (27%) and the great majority want to access self-help therapy via a computer system (91%), more specifically a system which can be accessed from home (82%) (the internet, telephone IVR system and CD-ROM on their home computer). These findings must be kept in mind in the future development of computerised psychotherapies.
References
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TOPAbstractIntroductionThe studyFindingsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
- CLARKE, G. (1999) Feelbetter. Parkland, OR: Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research.
- GHOSH, A., MARKS, I. M. & CARR, A. C. (1988)
Therapist contact and outcome of self-exposure treatment for phobias: a
controlled study. British Journal of Psychiatry,
152,
234-238.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - HASSAN, A. A. M. (1992) Comparison of Computer-Based Symbolic Modelling and Conventional Methods in Treatment of Spider Phobia. Doctoral Dissertation. Leeds: University of Leeds.
- KERLINGER, F. (1973) Foundations of Behavioural Research. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
- MARKS, I. M., BAER, L., GREIST, J. H., et al
(1998) Home self-assessment of obsessive—compulsive
disorder: use of a manual and a computer-conducted telephone interview: two
UK-US studies. British Journal of Psychiatry,
172,
406-412.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - OAKLEY-BROWNE, M. A. & TOOLE, S. (1994) Computerised self-care programs for depression and anxiety disorders. In Computers in Mental Health (eds G. Andrews et al), pp. 96-102. Geneva: World Health Organization & Churchill Livingstone.
- OSGOOD-HYNES, D., GREIST, J., MARKS, I, et al (1998) Self-administered psychotherapy for depression using a telephone-accessed computer system plus booklets: an open US-UK study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59, 358-365.[Medline]
- PARTEN, M. (1950) Surveys, Polls, and Samples: Practical Procedures. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
- PROUDFOOT, J. (1999) Beating the Blues. London: Institute of Psychiatry.
- SELMI, P. M., KLEIN, M. H., GREIST, J. H., et al
(1990) Computer-administered CBT for depression.
American Journal of Psychiatry,
147, 51-56.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - SCHNEIDER, S. J., SCHARTZ, M. D. & FAST, J. (1995) Computerised, telephone-based health promotion: Smoking cessation program. Computers in Human Behaviour, 11, 135-148.[CrossRef]
- SHAW, S., MARKS, I. M. & TOOLE, S. (1999) Lessons from pilot tests of computer self-help for agoraphobia/claustrophobia and panic. MD Computing, 16, 44-48.
- WEIZENBAUM, J. (1976) Computer Power and Human Reason. San Francisco, CA: W. H. Freeman.
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