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Department of Pharmacy, South London and Maudsley Trust, London
Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, PO Box 77, London SE5 8AF
Department of Pharmacy, South London and Maudsley Trust, London
Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, London
Section of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, London
Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, London
E.W. has received lecture fees from Eli Lilly and Zanofisynolab, D.D.-M. has received funds from Eli Lilly and AstraZeneca, T.W. has received unrelated and unrestricted charitable grants and lecture fees from Novartis, AstraZeneca and Janssen Pharmaceuticals, N.W. is now supported by an unrelated grant from GlaxoSmithKline.
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Abstract |
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The study aimed to identify the predictors of drop-out from clozapine treatment by examining the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients registered on clozapine within a 6-month period in one NHS Trust.
RESULTS
During the study period, 54 patients were registered and began clozapine treatment and 31% had discontinued within 6 months. Two people died and the remainder discontinued because of non-compliance or side-effects, including neutropenia. Two factors were predictive: the age of the patient (older patients were more likely to discontinue) and the hospital where the initial registration was made.
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
Neither ethnicity, previous registration nor the individual prescriber are a bar to successful persistence with clozapine. However, one set of hospitals with a history of evidence-based practice and high clozapine prescribing was more successful in retaining patients on maintenance treatment. Although specific dataare needed to identify more subtle contributing factors to continuation, it is clear that there is scope for improving the rate of persistence with clozapine treatment.
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Introduction |
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The majority of patients report that they would rather stay on clozapine than return to their old treatments (Rosenheck et al, 2000). In addition, there is some evidence that people who remain on clozapine show reduced in-patient care requirements. Those continuing for 2 years show the greatest gains, with a two-thirds reduction in the number of admissions and total time spent in hospital compared with those who discontinued clozapine (Hayhurst et al, 2002). Unfortunately, the rate of discontinuation is high, with 44% of the patients in the Hayhurst study discontinuing over a 2-year period and 30% discontinuing within the first 6 months. Because of the known efficacy of clozapine and the problem of discontinuation, this study was designed to try to establish the reasons for early discontinuation (before 6 months) where the beneficial effects on symptoms, social functioning and/or quality of life might not yet be noticeable in an NHS service.
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Method |
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Results |
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For more than 25% of the patients, this was not the first time they had been registered for clozapine. There was also a skew in the frequency of prescriptions, with one hospital alone accounting for 46% of registrations and one consultant registering 10 patients while the majority only registered a single person. However, individual wards did not seem to constitute a significant factor in new registrations.
Of the 54 patients who were registered for clozapine within the Trust, seven of them had discontinued by 3 months and a further 10 by 6 months post-registration, making a total of 17 people (31%) who discontinued. Table 1 shows the distribution of reasons for discontinuation.
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In order to test whether there were any factors that predicted discontinuation, all the socio-demographic and clinical variables were entered into a survival analysis using Cox's regression together with a variable reflecting the NHS trust concerned as, at the time of the study, two large NHS trusts had just amalgamated. Time to discontinuation was the event predicted and the two people who died were assumed to be censored data. The results show that age and the hospital where the patient was registered produced a significant model (w2=19.664, d.f.=2, P<0.001). For each year of age, there is a 5.7% increase in the likelihood of discontinuing. Being registered as part of the Bethlem/Maudsley Trust reduced the chance of discontinuing by a factor of 3. The analysis was repeated after excluding patients referred from outside the catchment area. This did not affect the overall results, the corresponding figures being 5.2% and a factor of 2.36.
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Discussion |
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The discontinuation rate in this study was 31% at 6 months, which is similar to the levels quoted in other literature (Hayhurst et al, 2002; Tuunainen & Gilbody, 2000). As the beneficial effects of clozapine are reported to be gained cumulatively over 6 months and sometimes up to 12 months post-registration, the beneficial effects could not have been obvious for the early drop-out group (i.e. within 3 months). Despite this, the reason given for two early discontinuations was a lack of beneficial effects.
Two-thirds (10 out of 17) of the patients who discontinued clozapine at 6 months did so because of adverse effects. Many of these adverse effects (e.g. sedation, hypersalivation and postural hypotension) tend to wear off over time but if they persist, management strategies are required to deal with them (see Lieberman, 1998). One older Caucasian man developed hyperglycaemia and had all the risk factors previously described by Mir and Taylor (2001). Two patients discontinued treatment because of hypertension, which is an uncommon adverse effect and tends to occur in the first 4 weeks (Taylor et al, 2000). Hypotensive therapy is rarely warranted. Hypotension, however, is common and is likely to occur at the beginning of treatment. Dose adjustment with a reduction in the rate of dose increase is generally all that is required. Clozapine is also involved in many clinically-significant drug-drug interactions. Some medications, such as the antithyroid drug, carbimazole, can cause blood dyscrasias and their concomitant use with clozapine increases the risk of such reactions. The results of this risk-benefit analysis would have contributed to the decision to discontinue clozapine in order for a patient to take his/her anti-thyroid medication.
There have been no consistent findings for the variables that increase the risk of clozapine discontinuation. Moeller et al (1995) and Rosenheck et al (2000) have shown an effect of ethnicity, but this did not affect continuations with clozapine in our study.
A further negative finding is that registration status was not associated with discontinuation. We are not aware of any other study addressing registration status, but it seems clear that discontinuing clozapine after an initial registration is not a bar to successful engagement on the drug in the future.
The positive findings were that clozapine discontinuation was significantly greater among older patients, with the figures from the survival analysis suggesting a 5.7% increase in the probability of discontinuation with each year of age. According to Rosenheck et al (2000), in the comparison between clozapine and haloperidol, younger age was a predictor of continuation with treatment, irrespective of which medication patients received. In this study, continuation with treatment was greater with clozapine. Age was also a factor in discontinuation with clozapine in a study carried out by Munro et al (1999). They found that for each 10-year increase in age, the risk of withdrawal increased by 33%. This suggests that establishment on clozapine might be considered as early as possible.
The other interesting characteristic significantly associated with discontinuation was the site of the prescription. One set of hospitals with a long history of clozapine prescription that also prescribed to the majority of patients was associated with more persistence on the drug. This may reflect different practices among clinicians or variations in hospital policies. It is, however, unlikely to reflect geographical differences in patient populations as most socio-economic data on the two areas show great similarities and the prevalence of new cases is high in two boroughs that were split between the two trust sites examined here. The hypothesis we would like to suggest is that practice does make perfect and that the more experience clinicians have with prescribing clozapine, the better the rates of continuation are likely to be. This may be because this experience allows both consultants and other clinical staff to develop expertise in encouraging people to adhere to this treatment, particularly in the early stages when there may be a very high burden of side-effects. The one clinician with the greatest number of patients on clozapine appeared to have lower discontinuation rates, although the clinician factor was not supported by any of our analyses. As in the Purcell and Lewis (2000) study, the relationship of the number of prescriptions for clozapine might be because of an increased awareness of evidence-based practice in the hospital settings associated with an academic institution. However, what is also clear from this study is that when clozapine is prescribed more widely in an institution, the continuation rates increase.
In conclusion, discontinuation of clozapine is affected by the age of the patient and the prescribing practices of the base hospital. More data are required to elucidate whether the differences relate to the clinician and his or her team, their specific use of clozapine or the hospital support for maintaining these patients. However, the results do suggest that increased use of clozapine may provide clinicians with the further skills to choose both the likely successful candidates and to manage any resultant side-effects.
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References |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodResultsDiscussionReferences |
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LIEBERMAN, J. A. (1998) Maximising clozapine therapy: managing side effects. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59, (suppl. 3), 38-43.
MIR, S. & TAYLOR, D. (2001) Atypical antipsychotics and hyperglycemia. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 16, 63-73.[CrossRef][Medline]
MOELLER, F. G., CHEN,Y.W., STEINBERG, J. L., et al (1995) Risk factors for clozapine discontinuation among 805 patients in the VA hospital system. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 7, 167-173.[Medline]
MUNRO, J., O'SULLIVAN, D., ANDREWS, C., et al (1999)
Active monitoring of 12760 clozapine recipients in the UK and Ireland.
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PURCELL, H. & LEWIS, S. (2000) Postcode
prescribing in psychiatry: Clozapine in an English county.
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ROSENHECK, R., CHANG, S., CHOE,Y., et al (2000) Medication continuation and compliance: A comparison of patients treated with clozapine and haloperidol. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 61, 382-386.[Medline]
TAYLOR, D., SHAPLAND, G., LAVERICK, J., et al (2000)
Clozapine - asurveyof patient perceptions. Psychiatric
Bulletin, 24,
450-452.
THORNICROFT, G., STRATHDEE, G., PHELAN, M., et al
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TUUNAINEN, A. & GILBODY, S. M. (2000) Newer atypical antipsychotic medication versus clozapine for schizophrenia:The Cochrane Library. Oxford: Update Software.
WAHLBECK, K., CHEINE, M. & ESSALI, M. A. (2001) Clozapine versus typical neuroleptic medication for schizophrenia (Cochrane Review):The Cochrane Library, Issue1. Oxford: Update Software
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| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
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