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Psychiatric Bulletin (2006) 30: 220-222. doi: 10.1192/pb.30.6.220
© 2006 The Royal College of Psychiatrists
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Psychiatric Bulletin (2006) 30: 220-222
© 2006 The Royal College of Psychiatrists

Emergency psychiatric assessments: implications for senior house officer training

Alan A. Woodall, Specialist Registrar in Primary Care Trust

Public Health Medicine, Telford and Wrekin, PCT

Seren Roberts, Research Fellow

Psychological Medicine, WMI Academic Unit, Wrexham LL13 7YP, e-mail: seren.roberts{at}new-tr.wales.nhs.uk

Gary P. Slegg, Research Fellow and David B. Menkes, Professor of Psychological Medicine

North Wales Section of Psychological Medicine, Wrexham

Declaration of interest

None.


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Introduction
 Method
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
AIMS AND METHOD

In order to examine the opportunities for senior house officers (SHOs) to undertake emergency psychiatric assessments we conducted a retrospective cohort study of such assessments in a district general hospital.

RESULTS

Senior house officers conducted few assessments for self-harm compared with psychiatric liaison nurses (P<0.001), and were involved in only 40% of emergency referrals where psychiatric opinion was requested. Senior house officers continue to undertake more assessments out of hours than any other group (P<0.01).

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

Although the introduction of psychiatric liaison nurses has improved capacity and reduced waiting times for emergency assessment, the opportunity for SHOs to undertake emergency assessments has been reduced, particularly with regard to assessment of suicidal risk following self-harm. These results suggest the need for better monitoring of SHO experience, particularly in the light of service developments that have an impact on psychiatric training.


   Introduction
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
Method
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
The Royal College of Psychiatrists (2003) has developed a detailed syllabus for the theoretical and clinical training of senior house officers (SHOs) in psychiatry. This document specifies that trainees must be exposed to the full range of psychiatric presentations in order for them to gain experience in assessment, clinical decision-making and risk management.

Junior doctors in the UK have experienced reductions in hours spent on call with the introduction of the European Working Time Directive (2004; details available at http://www.dh.gov.uk/PolicyAndGuidance/HumanResourcesAndTraining/WorkingDifferently/EuropeanWorkingTimeDirective/fs/en). This has led to a reduction in exposure to emergency psychiatric assessments. Additional factors, such as increasing clinical workload, pressure on mental health services to reduce waiting times, and pressure on National Health Service (NHS) trusts to free beds by discharging patients more quickly, have led to an increase in the number of psychiatric nursing staff deployed to undertake liaison assessments in the UK. These staff provide a valuable service by increasing capacity for urgent assessment, decreasing the time between request and assessment, and facilitating the medical discharge of patients who require a psychiatric opinion. Studies suggest that there is no significant difference in outcome when nurses and junior doctors undertake psychiatric liaison assessments, although the methodology of some of these studies has been questioned (Griffin & Bisson, 2003; Lepping, 2003; Weston, 2003; Whyte & Blewitt, 2003).

One concern is that the combined effect of a reduction in junior doctors’ hours and the introduction of nurse liaison assessment services might reduce trainee psychiatrists’ experience of performing self-harm assessments. This paper reports the second part of a retrospective study of emergency psychiatric assessments over a 2-month period.


   Method
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Method
Results
 Discussion
 References
 
The case records were examined of all patients aged 16–65 years referred from the community (general practitioner (GP), community mental health teams, police) and other hospital services (e.g. accident and emergency, other medical and surgical services) for psychiatric assessment at Wrexham Maelor Hospital (North East Wales NHS Trust, catchment 280 000) over a 2-month period (December 2002 to January 2003). The following information was recorded: demographic details of patient; date, time and source of referral; date and time of assessment; healthcare professional (consultant, specialist registrar, SHO, liaison or duty psychiatric nurse, approved social worker) undertaking the assessment; and primary diagnosis recorded (ICD–10 criteria; World Health Organization, 1992).

Statistical analyses of data by unpaired t-test, analysis of variance, and {chi}2 tests were undertaken to compare frequency of assessment for each disorder, with a particular focus on the healthcare professional undertaking the assessments. Data are presented as means (±s.d.) unless otherwise stated.


   Results
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 Abstract
 Introduction
 Method
 Results
Discussion
 References
 
During the sampling period, 144 assessments were undertaken (mean age of patient=34.8 years, s.d.=11.1, n=70 male). Most assessments (75%) were undertaken in normal working hours and mainly involved assessing patients admitted to medical wards following self-harm (58%, Table 1). Significantly more out-of-hours referrals came from the accident and emergency department and GPs than any other sources ({chi}2=59.7, n=144, d.f.=5, P<0.001). Table 2 shows that, although not mutually exclusive in that more than one professional could carry out an assessment, the majority were carried out by liaison nurses (101 assessments) and SHOs (58 assessments). Consultant psychiatrists carried out only 7 assessments, an approved social worker carried out only 1 assessment and a duty nurse undertook 27 assessments (Table 2). Thus, a liaison nurse was present in 70% of assessments. Almost all of these were undertaken during normal working hours (99%). Conversely, SHOs were involved in only 40% of assessments, and most of these (59%) occurred out of hours.


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  		Table 1. Source of psychiatric referral and timing of the 144 assessments
 

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  		Table 2. The assessor and the timing of the 144 emergency assessments
 

Table 3 shows the primary diagnosis recorded for each assessment grouped according to ICD–10 criteria and the healthcare professional in the assessment. Note that the assessments carried out were not exclusive to each healthcare professional. In some cases, two or more professionals were involved in the assessment. Therefore the sum of assessments across all the healthcare professionals may exceed 144. Few assessments were classified as behavioural disorders with physiological symptoms, mental retardation, non-psychiatric or organic disorders. These data have been grouped to form the category ‘Other’ in Table 3. The most common reason for requesting psychiatric opinion was self-harm by poisoning (35%), followed by affective disorder (19%). Emergency assessment of psychotic illnesses (e.g. schizophrenia) accounted for only 4% of assessments. Assessment of self-harm was undertaken most often by liaison nurses (98% of all assessments involved a liaison nurse); SHOs were involved in only 18% of all self-poisoning assessments. Most referrals of affective disorder were from GPs; SHOs saw the majority of these patients (78%).


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  		Table 3. Primary diagnosis and healthcare professional involved in assessments
 


   Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Method
 Results
 Discussion
References
 
During the 2-month study period, resident SHO cover was provided by a1 in 8 on-call rota (24 h), whereas two liaison nurses worked normal hours only, i.e. Monday to Friday, 9 a.m.–5 p.m. Each SHO saw an average of seven emergency referrals during the 2-month period, less than one per on-call session. The average number of psychiatric assessments undertaken by the liaison nurse team was 50.5 in the same period. Hence, the exposure of nurses and SHOs to emergency assessments was very different, with significant implications for the opportunity for trainee psychiatrists to gain relevant experience. Trainees spend most of their on-call periods managing routine requests from wards regarding in-patients and ‘clerking’ planned admissions. They also gain experience in assessment of patients in planned out-patient clinic settings. These are all valuable skills to acquire, but they do not confer experience in assessment and management of acute psychiatric emergencies. Furthermore, significant differences exist with respect to the nature of psychiatric problems presenting to each group. For example, the majority of self-harm assessments are not being undertaken by SHOs; in the study period, only 6 self-harm assessments were undertaken (15 including self-poisoning), approximating to 1 per SHO per 2 months, or an annual rate of 6 assessments per year. This is clearly insufficient to gain adequate experience and training in assessing and managing self-harm as recommended by the guidelines for training provided by the Royal College of Psychiatrists (2003) and the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2004). These are difficult skills to master (Hassan et al, 1999; Bennewith et al, 2002) and represent an important competency for all psychiatrists.

Overall, the results indicate that although the creation of psychiatric nurse liaison posts can benefit service delivery, it can also lead to a serious reduction in core clinical experience for psychiatric SHOs. It is important that training implications of service developments are considered, in this case to allow psychiatric trainees to gain adequate training in all areas of emergency psychiatry. This could be ensured by including periods of attachment for SHOs to self-harm liaison teams. We recommend that Royal College of Psychiatrists’ approval of training schemes requires that trainees are adequately exposed to emergency psychiatry, in particular the assessment and management of self-harm. One method that could assist in the monitoring of such experience is for psychiatric trainees to maintain logbooks of emergency assessments and for these to be regularly reviewed by supervisors and clinical tutors.

A possible limitation of the study is that the 2-month sampling period includes Christmas and New Year, with associated emotional disturbance possibly escalating demand for emergency psychiatric assessments. For example, if more people were presenting to the service with self-harm at Christmas, this might have an impact on the use of liaison services, in particular the activities of liaison nurses. Further examination of patterns of clinical demand and the role of different health professionals in emergency psychiatric assessments across different settings is required.

The impact of service organisation on training extends to other medical disciplines as well. For example, the European Working Time Directive has similarly restricted the emergency experience of surgical trainees, raising concerns about the adequacy of training to equip new consultants with requisite skills for managing acute presentation (Morris-Stiff et al, 2004). The impact of nurse practitioners on medical practice has been a long-standing issue (Dowling et al, 1995). With a drive to focus the work of doctors on clinical tasks that require medical input only, is there a cost of losing general competency? Implications for postgraduate clinical training of SHOs in various disciplines thus need to be carefully considered in the light of employment law as well as current and planned service developments.


   Acknowledgments
 
We thank staff of the Mental Health Directorate, North East Wales NHS Trust for assistance with record retrieval.


   References
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Method
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
BENNEWITH, O., STOCKS, N., GUNNELL, D., et al (2002) General practice based intervention to prevent repeat episodes of deliberate self harm: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ, 324, 1254 –1257.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

DOWLING, S., BARRETT, S. & WEST, R. (1995) With nurse practitioners, who needs house officers? BMJ, 311, 309 –313.[Free Full Text]

GRIFFIN, J. & BISSON J. I. (2003) Introducing a nurse-led deliberate self-harm assessment service. Psychiatric Bulletin, 25, 212 .

HASSAN, T. B., MacNAMARA, A. F., DAVY, A., et al (1999) Lesson of the week: Managing patients with deliberate self harm who refuse treatment in the accident and emergency department. BMJ, 319, 107 –109.[Free Full Text]

LEPPING, P. (2003) Assessment by doctors and nurses of deliberate self-harm. Psychiatric Bulletin, 27, 233.[Free Full Text]

MORRIS-STIFF, G., BALL E., TORKINGTON, J., et al (2004) Registrar operating experience over a 15-year period: more, less or more or less the same? Surgeon Journal of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of Edinburgh and Ireland, 2, 161 –164.

NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR CLINICAL EXCELLENCE (2004) Self Harm.The Short-term Physical and Psychological Management and Secondary Prevention of Self-harm in Primary and Secondary Care. http://www.nice.org.uk/pdf/CG016NICEguideline.pdf http://www.nice.org.uk/pdf/CG016NICEguideline.pdf

ROYAL COLLEGE OF PSYCHIATRISTS (2003) Basic Specialist Training Handbook. London: Royal College of Psychiatrists. http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/traindev/postgrad/bst.pdf

WESTON, S. N. (2003) Comparison of the assessment by doctors and nurses of deliberate self harm. Psychiatric Bulletin, 27, 57 .[Abstract/Free Full Text]

WHYTE, S. & BLEWITT, A. (2003) Deliberate self harm:The impact of a specialist DSH team on assessment quality. Psychiatric Bulletin, 25, 98.

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (1992) Tenth Revision of the international Classification Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD–10). Geneva: WHO.




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