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Opinion & debate |
Professor of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London SE5 8AF and Visiting Professor, University of the West Indies, email: robin.murray{at}iop.kcl.ac.uk
Senior Lecturer, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London and Consultant Psychiatrist, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London
See pp.
363–365,
367–370 and
397–398, this
issue. 
In our view, Professor Singh’s article (2007) is one of the most important papers to appear in the Bulletin in recent years. Singh & Burns (2006) have been very courageous in challenging the idea that British psychiatry is institutionally racist, and not unexpectedly have provoked reaction. What has been more surprising is the extent to which this has provoked strong criticism of Professor Singh among psychiatric colleagues.
Over the past 15 years, there have been at least nine reports from government and voluntary agencies on the high rates of psychosis and compulsory detention among African–Caribbean people living in the UK. Psychiatrists have striven to divest themselves of any hint of racism in their practice, and cultural training has become mandatory for all staff. Yet the high rates persist, even in trusts where White English-born psychiatrists and nurses are in a minority. Importantly, the clamour about institutional racism has obscured the real causes of the increased incidence of schizophrenia and mania among British African–Caribbeans. Sadly, therefore, appropriate action has not been taken, and too many people from this community continue to fall ill and to have less than optimum care.
Recent large studies such as the AESOP study (e.g. Morgan et al, 2007) and the Count Me in Census (Healthcare Commission, 2007) have demonstrated that the causes do not predominantly lie in psychiatry but rather in wider society. Simply put, the AESOP study has shown that African–Caribbean people living in the UK are more likely to be exposed to factors known to increase risk of psychosis than are White or Asian people. Thus, growing up in the inner city, being separated from a parent or suffering physical abuse in childhood, as well as adult factors associated with social exclusion (unemployment, living alone, having no support from family or friends) are all more common among patients with psychosis from African–Caribbean than other communities; similarly, cannabis use is highest in people of Caribbean (and lowest in those of Asian and African) origin. It is likely that experience of racial discrimination in society also plays a role, although why the rates are so much higher in the African—Caribbean than in the Asian population is unclear when this factor is likely to operate in both communities.
Of course, this does not explain the greater proportion of compulsory admissions among those of Caribbean origin. However, the 2006 Count Me In Census has now shown that this is a direct result of the greater likelihood of African–Caribbean patients being referred to psychiatric units via the courts or police; not surprisingly, such patients are less likely to be willing to be admitted voluntarily. In contrast, Black patients referred through the normal channels are no more likely to be sectioned than their White counterparts.
Thus, the foundations of the case for institutional racism have been seriously undermined. The reaction of its proponents has been to attempt to suppress or discount the data, and to attempt to brand those producing the evidence as racist. However, this strategy is less effective than it used to be. Five years ago one of us (R.M.M.) chaired a debate on this topic at the Institute of Psychiatry. Three hundred people listened to a series of diatribes against the very services which were attempting to help African-Caribbean people with severe mental illness. Not one single White professional spoke up to defend the psychiatric services, but over the next few days many colleagues made it clear that they had been dismayed by the one-sided nature of the debate. When asked why they had not spoken up, each said that they were afraid to be labelled as racist. Six months ago at a debate on the same topic, there was a lively discussion in which the evidence-free polemics of the institutionally racist lobby were widely challenged. There has indeed been a change in the tide of opinion, and this year even the Department of Health has reversed its previous policy and decided that that it is inappropriate to apply the term institutional racism to psychiatry.
There may be a minority of individuals in psychiatry who are racist, as there are in society as a whole. But much more vocal are those whose perception of reality is so distorted by examining all topics through the prism of racist thinking that they interpret all differences between ethnic groups in racist terms. Some have even gone so far as to advocate separate psychiatric services for individuals of different races, a proposal to our minds reminiscent of South Africa in the worst days of apartheid. No doubt they also interpret the high admission rates for alcoholism among Scottish and Irish males such as ourselves as evidence of English psychiatrists misdiagnosing the Scots and Irish because of their failure to understand the important symbolic role of drunkenness in Celtic culture. We are happy to drink to the demise of such distorted thinking and to Swaran Singh’s courage in challenging the myth that British psychiatry is systemically racist.
References
HEALTHCARE COMMISSION (2007) Count Me In Census 2006. Healthcare Commission. http://www.healthcarecommission.org.uk/nationalfindings/nationalthemedreports/mentalhealth/countmein/2006.cfm
MORGAN, C., KIRKBRIDE, J., LEFF, J., et al (2007) Parental separation, loss and psychosis in different ethnic groups: a case–control study. Psychological Medicine, 37, 495 –503.[CrossRef][Medline]
SINGH, S. P. & BURNS, T. (2006) Race and mental
illness: there is more to race than racism. BMJ,
333, 648
–651.
Related articles in PB:
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