© 2008 The Royal College of Psychiatrists
Primary consultation clinics in child psychiatry: an evaluation of referrers’ views of the service
Psychiatric Unit, City Hospital, Derby
*The Town House, Green Lane, Derby DE1 1RZ
Victoria, Australia
Kingsway Hospital, Derby
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AIMS AND METHOD
To collate referrers’ views on primary consultations in child psychiatry, feedback data were collected by questionnaires over a 12-month period.
RESULTS
Referrers found reports clearly written, informative and helpful, but wished for further, more direct involvement, support and follow up, and also for a clear plan of action for the children referred.
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
Primary consultation clinics should be further developed and audited in the future, in view of the recent changes in child and adolescent mental health services.
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Consultation clinics in child and adolescent psychiatry are not uncommon. The consultation clinics in Derby were set up by the child and adolescent mental health service and serviced the area of central Derby, which has a population of 250 000. The service was provided by two psychiatrists and primary mental health workers.
The child and adolescent mental health services in Derbyshire are sectorised primarily into central Derby and surrounding rural area services. There are two bases in central Derby, with the Town House providing tier 3 services and the Mill providing tier 1 and 2 services and housing the mental health workers. At other bases, situated in the surrounding towns, the different tiers of service are mostly provided under one roof. Housing the primary mental health workers and therapists at two different sites created communication and logistical problems and stretched consultant psychiatric and managerial support. Central Derby has two full-time consultants, and the service receives over 800 referrals a year. The child psychological services are separately provided and based at the children’s hospital site. There are currently no established learning disability services for children; this need is provided for by the generic child and adolescent mental health teams. Recruitment problems and the recent exodus of therapists and mental health workers due to governmental changes such as Agenda for Change (2004) and the extension of responsibility for child and adolescent mental health services to cover up to the age of 19 years, has placed further stress and strain on the generic teams. There is therefore now an urgent need for new ways of working for psychiatrists in child and adolescent mental health services teams, and consultation (rather than direct hands-on involvement with children and their families) seems contemporary and much needed.
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The consultation clinics
The consultation service was set up in 2004 and continued offering a service until 2006. The aim of the consultation clinics was to offer consultation to potential referrers and provide education and support for professionals already involved. We also hoped that the number of inappropriate referrals to the service could be reduced. Professionals were informed from the outset that they would be expected to continue to work with the families, and that the service offered was one of consultation. Only in special circumstances, after consultation, would a decision be made for the child and adolescent mental health service to take on the clinical responsibility of the case. Certain types of referrals to child psychiatry were selected as being particularly suitable for consultation rather than direct involvement. These were often referrals where a number of professionals from different agencies were already involved and where involvement of the child and adolescent mental health services could result in duplication of work and possible confusion of roles. In only a very small number of referrals (in two cases) was a child and adolescent mental health services worker already involved. Although the referrer was often seen to be seeking direct assumption of the case, consultation was thought to be the best line of approach by the intake team who managed the referrals. The referrer was informed about the decision to accept their referred child/family for consultation, an appointment letter sent to both referrers and patients and the referrer was asked to accompany the patient to the clinic. The referrer and patients were seen together initially and then separately. Use was often made of the two-way mirror (the referrer watching the parent/child and psychiatrist consultation, and often the parents observing their children talking to the professionals). We felt that this was a unique way of undertaking consultation, which is usually with the professionals and without the family. The clinics were held twice a week by the two psychiatrists, and primary mental health workers were encouraged to attend and take part. We are not aware of any similar model of consultation used in child and adolescent mental health services.
The questionnaires
Two types of questionnaires were sent; a general practitioner (GP)
evaluation questionnaire and a referrer questionnaire to other professionals
such as social workers, school nurses and community paediatricians. A total of
50 questionnaires were sent. The questionnaires asked seven questions
(Box 1).
| Box 1. The questionnaire
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Of 50 questionnaires, 25 were received back; 96% (24 of 25) of the respondents thought the report that they had received was clearly written; 92% (24 of 25) thought it was helpful to them; 64% (16 of 25) thought it was helpful because of the information contained; 20% (5 of 25) thought it provided an assessment of their patient; and 16% (4 of 25) felt that the report was supportive. The referrers made some suggestions for change, such as wanting a ‘clearly written plan for follow up and ongoing support’; ‘a summary and actions rather than a report of who said what’; and ‘a way to speed up the process of the waiting list’. Although they valued the information that they received from the consultation clinics, 64% (16 of 25) were interested in more direct work and only 12% (3 of 25) were not.
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Black et al (1993) recognised that consultation offered by psychiatrists to other professions is an important and valuable use of their resources. Markantonakis & Mathai (1990) showed that referring professionals are often poorly aware of the type of services offered by child psychiatric clinics. Consultation with other professions, such as nurses, social workers and health visitors, is therefore an excellent way to educate and empower them. Cheseldine et al (2005) showed that this can be valuable to nurses working with children and young people who have learning disabilities and/or autism. The skills of these professionals can be improved so that they can carry on trying to help their patients. Communication can be enhanced between primary care and specialist care providers. There is a recognised difference between consultation and supervision, but the two terms are often confused. Supervision is regularly provided by child psychiatrists, psychologists and other professionals to their colleagues, and is important in helping to maintain objectivity and safety in their clinical work. The supervisor is often professionally close to the worker involved. Consultation, however, is provided to the worker involved with the case in an indirect way. The person seeking consultation is seeking the consultants’ views and comments and is ‘picking their brains’ about the case. The worker can then continue to work with the patient without handing the responsibility of the case to the clinic. Prior et al (2003) reported positive findings when consultation was used with health visitors. They reported that supervision also had a positive impact on the referral rates, increased health visitor competence and reduced feelings of isolation and vulnerability. Stallard (1991) highlighted the potential of consultation to sort appropriate from inappropriate referrals, thus helping to foster a more relevant referral pattern.
We suspect that many of the referrers may have seen the consultation clinics as a possible way of bypassing the waiting list for child and adolescent mental health services, which was substantial at the time of undertaking this survey. Despite this we did begin to see a slow change in referral patterns with some referrers starting to seek specifically a consultation rather than direct hands-on therapy for their patients. We found this hopeful; although most referrers still sought direct involvement from child and adolescent mental health services for their patients, 12% (3 of 25) did not. We hoped that this group of referrers felt empowered after the consultations and were able to continue to help their patients on their own. Perhaps some went on to seek help from a different, more appropriate agency. We also hoped that this meant that the service was spared a workload of 12% of the referrals, which would have gone to the tier 3 service. It is too early to predict the long-term effect on referrers in regard to change in their overall skills in helping such families and also the eventual change in referral patterns to child and adolescent mental health services.
We felt retrospectively that having two different questionnaires, for GPs and for other referrers, was a weakness in the study and that in future we would use a common questionnaire for all referrers. We sent feedback of the results of this study to referrers and to professionals working in child and adolescent mental health services. We hope to encourage more of the latter to continue to offer this service to future referrers, as we perceive potential benefits for referrers, for referred children and families, and for child and adolescent mental health services who are struggling to cope with the currently escalating number of complex and challenging referrals.
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- BLACK, D., COTTRELL, D., KAPLAN, T., et al (1993) Liaison child and adolescent psychiatry. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Royal College of Psychiatrists.
- CHESELDINE, S., MANDERS, S., McGOWAN, C. (2005) The role of consultation clinics in services for children and young people with learning disabilities and/or autism. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 10, 140 -142.[CrossRef]
- DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH (2004) Agenda for Change: Policy and Guidance. Department of Health. (http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/policyandguidance/humanresourcesandtraining).
- MARKANTONAKIS, A. & MATHAI, J. (1991) An evaluation of general practitioners’ knowledge and satisfaction of a local child and adolescent psychiatric service. Psychiatric Bulletin, 14, 328 -329.
- PRIOR, H., STIRLING, H., SHEPHERD, K., et al (2003) Advantages of a staged consultation supervisory model for health visitors, from child clinical psychology. Clinical Psychology, 26, 32 -35.
- STALLARD, P. (1991) The development and evaluation of a health visitor consultation service. Clinical Psychology Forum, 44, 10 -12.
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