Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-nwzlb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-29T07:27:17.891Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Setting standards for physical health monitoring in patients on antipsychotics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

Samantha Churchward
Affiliation:
Devon Partnership NHS Trust, Langdon Hospital, Devon
Susan M. Oxborrow
Affiliation:
Bluebird House, Southampton
Victor O. Olotu
Affiliation:
Langdon Hospital, Exeter Road, Dawlish, Devon, email: victor.olotu@nhs.uk
M. Deepak Thalitaya
Affiliation:
Brooklands Hospital, Brian Oliver Centre, Birmingham
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Aims and Method

To develop standards for physical health monitoring in patients on antipsychotics in a forensic environment. We reviewed recommendations for physical health checks from key publications and then agreed a consensus on what to monitor and how often.

Results

We developed a standardised form to ensure the requisite minimum monitoring is performed when a patient is newly prescribed an antipsychotic drug or the dose is increased, when an abnormality is detected and for routine annual physical health monitoring.

Clinical Implications

We have produced a pragmatic solution to the gap between the recognised risks to physical health of individuals treated with antipsychotic medication and the need for clear, unambiguous standards of physical healthcare.

Type
Original papers
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BY
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright
Copyright © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2009

There is now extensive evidence that people with severe mental illness have higher rates of morbidity and mortality for common physical illnesses than the general population. Reference Cohen and Hove1 However, in forensic settings there is a dearth of data on morbidity rates, but the limited evidence available does suggest significant rates of physical health problems for in-patients in secure settings. Reference Sebastian and Beer2,Reference Thomson, Bogue, Humphreys, Owens and Johnstone3

A number of publications have highlighted the need for physical health monitoring in individuals with mental health problems. Reference Marder, Essock, Miller, Buchanan, Casey and Davis4 Despite that, there is no established national consensus detailing precisely what should be measured and how frequently.

We are based in a forensic mental health service without any general practitioner input; patients can be resident for periods beyond 10 years. Primary care services are provided by psychiatric trainees and staff grade doctors.

The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines on schizophrenia refer to primary and secondary services with regard to the provision of care to individuals with schizophrenia. 5 Criterion 12 of the guidelines highlights a minimum standard of physical health checks ‘at regular intervals’ for those with schizophrenia within primary care. We carried out an audit of this criterion within our in-patient service that demonstrated deficits in the measurement and recording of physical health parameters. Reference Gough, Churchward, Dorkins, Fee, Oxborrow and Parker6 The need for a more systematic approach to the execution and documentation of physical health checks has been highlighted by our audit and by other services. Reference Singh, Ahmed and Shaffiullha7 This paper addresses this need.

There is increasing evidence of the link between antipsychotic medication and physical health risks, such as:

  1. weight gain Reference Zhang, Yao, Liu, Fang and Reynolds8

  2. metabolic syndrome Reference McCreadie9,Reference Thakore10

  3. endocrine problems (e.g. diabetes, Reference Haddad11,Reference Lambert and Chapman12 hyperprolactinaemia, Reference Petty13,Reference Holt14 sexual dysfunction Reference Berner, Hagen and Kriston15 )

  4. cardiovascular problems

  5. sudden death Reference Herxheimer and Healy16,Reference Ray and Meador17

  6. abnormalities of QTc Reference Abdelmawla and Mitchell18

  7. effects on blood pressure Reference Haddad and Sharma19

  8. stroke. Reference Gill, Rochon, Herrmann, Philip, Sykora and Gunraj20

In the light of a high percentage (87%) of our in-patients being prescribed antipsychotic medication (Churchward et al, 2007 internal audit, Langdon Hospital, personal communication) and the potentially elevated risks in this group, we decided to set standards for physical health checks that would incorporate the risks associated with the institution and ongoing treatment with antipsychotics.

Method

A multidisciplinary group was formed in June 2006, comprising a senior mental health pharmacist (S.C.) and three staff psychiatrists (D.T., V.O., S.O.).

A widespread search of the English language publications to date was carried out to establish the relevant evidence base. The relevant papers were then reviewed and the key points summarised with respect to the physical health parameters that had been identified as important. A pragmatic consensus was agreed on by the group with regard to the parameters of what should be measured and how often.

Once standards had been agreed, other colleagues on site, from a variety of disciplines, were consulted to determine the most appropriate format for the implementation of the standards. We explored the current development of the NHS Care Records Service (NCRS), particularly the electronic patient records service, both locally and nationally. 21 Although the NCRS has the potential to include monitoring, we found that in its current state of development it does not have the flexibility to incorporate this type of tailor made monitoring. Reference Brennan22

An example of the summary of the key points from the review is presented in Table 1 (full review of recommendations on all parameters available from the authors on request).

Table 1. Comparison of recommendations for physical health monitoring in patients treated with antipsychotic medication (example)

Summary of APBI Medicines Compendium 23 or BNF 24 David et al Reference David, Paton and Kerwin25 NICE schizophrenia guidelines 5 Lebovitz Reference Lebovitz26 Antai-Otong Reference Antai-Otong27 Marder et al Reference Marder, Essock, Miller, Buchanan, Casey and Davis4 American Diabetes Association et al 28
Weight Baseline, then as needed Routine monitoring where potential to cause weight gain Baseline, then periodically Baseline, then every 6 months Baseline, then monthly for first 6 months, then every quarter once dose stabilised Baseline, at 4 weeks, at 8 weeks, then 3-monthly
Fasting plasma glucose/HbA1c Appropriate clinical monitoring if risk factors are present Baseline, then 12-monthly (for clozapine and olanzapine: baseline, at 1 month, then 4- to 6-monthly) Monitor where potential exists Baseline, at 6 weeks, then every 3 months Baseline, then yearly (monitor for signs of weight gain, polyuria, polydypsia) Baseline; if significant risk factors for diabetesa are present, measure at baseline, at 4 months and then annually. For patients gaining weight, measure every 4 months Baseline, at 3 months and then yearly
Lipids Baseline, 3-monthly, then yearly Baseline, at 6 weeks, at 6 months, then yearly Baseline, then every 2 years Baseline, then every 2 years; if LDL > 130 mg/dl then every 6 months Baseline, at 3 months, then every 5 years

Results

Having collated the data, it was evident that there was a lack of uniformity from the different sources on how often the parameters should be measured (Table 1). A major obstacle to improving the quality of physical healthcare monitoring for patients with schizophrenia is the lack of consensus regarding which health parameters should be monitored and when they should be monitored. Reference Marder, Essock, Miller, Buchanan, Casey and Davis4

We recognise the importance of good primary care services for patients in forensic mental health services. However, this project did not attempt to incorporate all aspects of preventative healthcare but focused specifically on monitoring elements of physical health risk compounded by treatment with antipsychotic medication.

Parameters measured

We reached a consensus on which parameters should be measured and how often, based on the evidence we collated (Table 2). Where the evidence from the literature suggested monitoring less frequently than our own clinical experience, we agreed a frequency that we felt was clinically appropriate for our patient group. In particular, the recommendations on how often to weigh patients were rather infrequent compared with our current clinical practice. Given the ease of monitoring this parameter and the importance of this risk factor for our patients, we reached a consensus to continue to monitor weight on a monthly basis.

Table 2. Monitoring schedule required for all patients on antipsychotic medicationa

When Parameters
On admission Height
Weight
Waist circumference
Glucose
Lipids
Electrocardiogramb
Blood pressure
Liver function test
Urea and electrolytes
Thyroid function test
Full blood count
LUNSERS
Monthly Weight
Smoking
Annually Waist circumference
Glucose
Lipids
Electrocardiogram Reference Sebastian and Beer2
Blood pressure
Liver function test
Urea and electrolytes
Thyroid function test
Full blood count
Eye examination (>40 years old)
LUNSERS
Every 2 years Eye examination (>40 years old)

Recommendations on some parameters such as electrocardiogram (ECG) varied considerably in the literature, ranging from monitoring ECG at baseline, Reference Abdelmawla and Mitchell18 after each dose escalation and 6-monthly monitoring, 29 to monitoring 6-monthly for higher risk drugs. Reference David, Paton and Kerwin25 We reached a consensus taking into consideration the recommendations available and our own clinical judgement. We already had a procedure in place for the monitoring of patients prescribed high-dose antipsychotics, based on the Royal College of Psychiatrists guidelines. 30 Patients prescribed above the British National Formulary maximum dosages of antipsychotics 24 are routinely monitored with an ECG every 3 months. A consensus was reached to do a baseline ECG for all patients on admission and to do ECG monitoring every 3 months for patients prescribed high-dose antipsychotics or those on higher risk antipsychotics (pimozide, sertindole). We acknowledged that there were other circumstances where repeat ECG may be necessary, such as in patients with cardiovascular disease or following rapid tranquillisation, but felt that this was beyond the scope of our standards and that such cases would need appropriate individual care planning.

Regarding hyperprolactinaemia, the literature does not indicate a consensus on routine or even baseline monitoring of prolactin levels. Regular monitoring for signs of prolactin elevation or sexual dysfunction is, however, recommended. Reference Marder, Essock, Miller, Buchanan, Casey and Davis4,Reference Maguire31 The clinical consequences of hyperprolactinaemia include menstrual disturbance, galactorrhoea and sexual dysfunction. These clinical features are incorporated within the Liverpool University Neuroleptic Side Effect Rating Scale (LUNSERS). Reference Day, Wood, Dewey and Bentall32

Some side-effects of antipsychotics may be rare but are still significant to the patient such as the risk of cataract with phenothiazines and quetiapine. Reference Marder, Essock, Miller, Buchanan, Casey and Davis4 We therefore agreed to incorporate regular eye checks in our local standard for physical health checks in patients on antipsychotics.

We decided to include smoking in our final monitoring form as it is such an important lifestyle factor known to have impact on the risks that we are addressing in this paper.

We were keen to transform Table 2 into a format that would be more practical at the ward level and serve to prompt clinicians as to when monitoring was due. Consequently, we developed the physical health monitoring form (see online supplement to this paper).

Two other forms were devised (available from the authors on request) for annual monitoring of haematological and biochemical parameters as well as further monitoring of any abnormal result findings, but for the purpose of this paper we limited ourselves to the first year of antipsychotic administration.

Implementation

Our results were presented to the forensic multidisciplinary clinical governance meeting. Agreement was reached to incorporate the standards in a policy and procedure. Each patient would have a physical health form filed in a separate physical health folder, which could be checked at every clinical review meeting. Nursing staff and medical staff shared responsibility for collecting and recording data.

Discussion

The importance of monitoring physical health in all patients with mental health problems is apparent from current evidence. In population terms, the impact of treatment with antipsychotic medication is potentially compounding an already elevated risk of cardiovascular and metabolic disease in this patient group.

The lack of clear guidelines on how to implement NICE guidance is well known. Reference Rowlands33 We took a pragmatic approach using a consensus agreement between colleagues to create standards that we then implemented through the creation of structured monitoring forms, which can be translated into a computer-based system when available.

We hope that others may find this a useful model that could be applicable with modification in other settings.

Future areas of work could include development of algorithms for the management of abnormal findings (e.g. elevated blood sugar, hyperlipidaemia), exploration of patients’ perspective on monitoring of physical health, and re-auditing of completed physical health monitoring using the new standards and recording sheets.

We would like to see clear standards for physical healthcare and a structured monitoring system included in the NCRS.

Declaration of interest

None.

References

1 Cohen, A, Hove, M. Physical Health of the Severe and Enduring Mentally Ill. Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health, 2001.Google Scholar
2 Sebastian, C, Beer, MD. Physical health of psychiatric patients admitted to a low secure challenging behaviour unit. J Psychiatr Intensive Care 2006; 1: 7783.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3 Thomson, L, Bogue, J, Humphreys, M, Owens, D, Johnstone, E. The State Hospital Survey: a description of psychiatric patients in conditions of special security in Scotland. J Forensic Psychiatr 1997; 8: 263–84.Google Scholar
4 Marder, SR, Essock, SM, Miller, AL, Buchanan, RW, Casey, DE, Davis, JM, et al. Physical health monitoring of patients with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161: 1334–49.Google Scholar
5 National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Schizophrenia: Core Interventions in the Treatment and Management of Schizophrenia in Primary and Secondary Care. NICE, 2002.Google Scholar
6 Gough, K, Churchward, S, Dorkins, E, Fee, J, Oxborrow, S, Parker, J, et al. Audit of the NICE Guidelines for Schizophrenia in an NHS forensic psychiatric service. Br J Forensic Pract 2007; 9: 2834.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7 Singh, R, Ahmed, MJR, Shaffiullha, M. Audit of monitoring of second generation antipsychotic drugs? Bulletin of Transcultural Special Interest Group of Royal College of Psychiatrists, Autumn 2007, 10–6.Google Scholar
8 Zhang, Z-J, Yao, Z-J, Liu, W, Fang, Q, Reynolds, GP. Effects of antipsychotics on fat deposition and changes in leptin and Insulin levels. Magnetic resonance imaging study of previously untreated people with schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 2004; 184: 5862.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9 McCreadie, RG. Diet, smoking and cardiovascular risk in people with schizophrenia. Descriptive study. Br J Psychiatry 2003; 183: 534–9.Google ScholarPubMed
10 Thakore, JH. Metabolic syndrome and schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 2005; 186: 455–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11 Haddad, PM. Antipsychotics and diabetes: review of non-prospective data. Br J Psychiatry 2004; 184 (suppl 47): s806.Google Scholar
12 Lambert, T, Chapman, L. Diabetes, psychotic disorders and antipsychotic therapy: a consensus statement. Med J Aust 2004; 181: 544–8.Google Scholar
13 Petty, RG. Prolactin and antipsychotic medications: mechanism of action. Schizophr Res 1999; 35 (suppl 1): 6773.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14 Holt, RIG. The medical causes and consequences of hyperprolactinaemia. A context for psychiatrists. J Psychopharmacol 2008; 22 (suppl 2): 2837.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15 Berner, MM, Hagen, M, Kriston, L. Management of sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy? Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; Issue 3: CD003546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16 Herxheimer, A, Healy, D. Arrhythmias and sudden death in patients taking antipsychotic drugs. BMJ 2002; 325: 1253–4.Google Scholar
17 Ray, WA, Meador, KG. Antipsychotics and sudden death: is thioridazine the only bad actor? Br J Psychiatry 2002; 180: 483–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18 Abdelmawla, N, Mitchell, AJ. Sudden cardiac death and antipsychotics. Part 2: Monitoring and prevention. Adv Psychiatr Treat 2006; 12: 100–9.Google Scholar
19 Haddad, PM, Sharma, SG. Adverse effects of atypical antipsychotics: differential risk and clinical implications. CNS Drugs 2007; 21: 911–36.Google Scholar
20 Gill, SS, Rochon, PA, Herrmann, N, Philip, EL, Sykora, K, Gunraj, N, et al. Atypical antipsychotic drugs and risk of ischaemic stroke: population based retrospective cohort study. BMJ 2005; 330: 445.Google Scholar
21 NHS Connecting for Health. NHS Care Record Service. NHS, 2005.Google Scholar
22 Brennan, S. The NHS IT Project: the Biggest Computer Project in the World Ever. Radcliffe Publishing, 2005.Google Scholar
23 Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry (ABPI): ABPI Medicines Compendium. Datapharm Communications, 2006 (http://www.emc.medicines.org.uk).Google Scholar
24 British Medical Association, Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. British National Formulary 51. BMA, 2006.Google Scholar
25 David, T, Paton, C, Kerwin, R. The Maudsley 2005–2006 Prescribing Guidelines (8th edn). Taylor and Francis, 2005.Google Scholar
26 Lebovitz, HE. Metabolic consequences of atypical antipsychotic drugs. Psychiatr Q 2003; 74: 277–90.Google Scholar
27 Antai-Otong, D. Metabolic effects associated with atypical antipsychotic medications. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2004; 40: 70–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28 American Diabetes Association, American Psychiatric Association, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, North American Association for the Study of Obesity. Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004: 27: 596601.Google Scholar
29 Medicines Control Agency, Committee on Safety of Medicines. QT interval prolongation with antipsychotics. Curr Probl Pharmacovigilance 2001; 27: 4.Google Scholar
30 Royal College of Psychiatrists. Consensus Statement on High-Dose Antipsychotic Medication (CR138). Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2006.Google Scholar
31 Maguire, GA. Prolactin elevation with antipsychotic medications: mechanisms of action and clinical consequences. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63 (suppl 4): 5662.Google ScholarPubMed
32 Day, JC, Wood, G, Dewey, M, Bentall, RP. A self-rating scale for measuring neuroleptic side-effects. Validation in a group of schizophrenic patients. Br J Psychiatry 1995; 166: 650–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33 Rowlands, P. The NICE schizophrenia guidelines: the challenge of implementation. Adv Psychiatr Treat 2004; 10: 403–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Figure 0

Table 1. Comparison of recommendations for physical health monitoring in patients treated with antipsychotic medication (example)

Figure 1

Table 2. Monitoring schedule required for all patients on antipsychotic medicationa

Supplementary material: File

Churchward et al. supplementary material

Supplementary Material

Download Churchward et al. supplementary material(File)
File 450 Bytes
Supplementary material: PDF

Churchward et al. supplementary material

Supplementary Material

Download Churchward et al. supplementary material(PDF)
PDF 23.9 KB
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.